The following video is said to be a leaked U.S. Military video which shows the supposed remains of a UFO craft that crashed in Roswell, New Mexico in 1947. The ‘Roswell crash’ has to be the world’s most infamous UFO case, and for years it has intrigued many. With a myriad of conspiracies.
UFO ALIEN HIEROGLYPHIC WRITING?
'When I was around ten years old, my uncle after a quick heads up from his friend the famed meteorite hunterDr. Lincoln La Paz, took me with him to the suspected crash site atRoswell, walking much of the then nearly fresh debris field, my uncle wanting to see if there was any truth behind the so called Hieroglyphic Writing reported on some of the metal scraps.'
AS FOUND IN THE WANDERLING LINK ABOVE
In the book The Dancing Wu Li Masters, Gary Zukav provides the reader an introduction to quantum theory. He includes a series illustrations from a classic textbook on quantum physics titled Modern College Physics by Dr. Harvey White. The diagrams represent various forms taken on by electron clouds in hydrogen atoms. Similar diagrams show up elsewhere as well, as for example the ones directly below by Milo Wolff. The designs are extremely similar, and in two cases identical, to the drawings on the Roswell UFO anomalous beams. The above drawing, made in 1989, is a rendition of the original drawings Jesse Marcel first made Sunday, July 6, 1947, as is the one below, of the symbols he reportedly saw on the I-beams.
LEFT: Electron clouds top view-polar; RIGHT: Side view-equatorial
[Courtesy Milo Wolff, 1990]
1*****2***** 3**** 4**** 5**** 6**** 7**** 8**** 9**** 10****
If you take the ten figures drawn by Marcel above and number them 1-10 left to right you will notice #1,4, and 5 are like the Electron Cloud diagrams L-1 and possibly M-1. Similarly, #8 is exactly like L-2. Although not totally identical, but possibly grasped in a transitional stage, #3 and 6 are similar to L-3.
Interestingly enough, in 1947, at the time of Marcel's original drawings, although Erwin Schrodinger, who was awarded the Nobel prize for his work with quantum and wave mechanics, had proposed that electrons are found in atomic orbitals (electron clouds of different shapes) their appearance, if any, although postulated, was not generally known. Please note as well in the grouping below, which approximate more closely what electron clouds are suspected to 'look like,' that they are actually more 'cloud-like' in that they are fuzzy in appearance without clear delineated edges as Wolff's diagrams might suggest.
ELECTRON CLOUDS Probability density distributions of different electron states in the hydrogen atom. |
HOW EARTH DOES IT. PLEASE NOTE THE WORDS
IN THE WHITE BORDER ARE FOR OUR PURPOSES
HERE AND NOT- INCLUDED ON THE REAL PLATE.
Pioneer 10 was launched on March 2, 1972 from Cape Kennedy aboard an Atlas Centaur rocket for a two-year mission to Jupiter. Now, forty years later, the probe is over twice as far from the Sun as Pluto. It's bound for interstellar space at well over 28,000 miles per hour heading in the general direction of the first magnitude star Aldebaran. On board is a gold plated aluminum plaque of which the above is a facsimile. Even though we may recognize the markings and know what they represent, especially with the written explanations provided, please notice how easy it might be for a distant space civilization to interpret the inscriptions as alien symbols or writing. Critics contend the message on the plaque is way too difficult to understand. Almost none of the human scientists that were shown the message were able to decipher it, at least quickly or in its totality. It can be assumed that it will be even more difficult for extraterrestrial intelligences that do not share our common knowledge. It is expected that finders of the plaque will spend generations trying to decipher it, much like deciphering the Egyptian hieroglyphs took centuries --- so it is of little wonder that the Roswell hieroglyphs would meet the same fate here on Earth.
PIONEER 10
Taking a hint from the possibility of so-called Bracewell Probes --- theorized to be automated space probes from advanced civilizations beyond the Solar System --- but, using Pioneer 10, a spacecraft made here on Earth (as it becomes a somewhat unsophisticated version of a Bracewell Probe) --- notice what appears to be an almost filigree' appearance and lightweight construction of the craft, built with very small nearly I-beam like extensions as it heads toward its millennia-long rendezvous to another star system. So said, there is a good chance an object of similar or like-use expectations would possibly be replicated in a 'form follows function' fashion, even IF from another system. As well, in that Bracewell Probes are predicted to be programmed to operate within a star system's habitable zone, it could be in a fly-by that the primary craft would instead, deploy a solar sail type object to find it's own near Earth-type orbit --- a spacecraft that, unless self propelled say with ion beams or similar motive device, could be no farther from the Sun than the orbit of Mars to remain effective. If you have seen any of the pictures of the so-called Roswell debris as in the graphics below, it takes on a similar fragile appearance to both the Pioneer 10 I-beam or truss-like extensions as well of that of a solar sail device.
It is not known if there are any markings or script on the I-beam like struts for manufacturing purposes or otherwise on Pioneer 10. However, the makers did attach the plaque to the antenna support struts in such a position where it would be shielded from erosion by interstellar dust. From that position the plate should most probably survive in a readable state until 100 parsecs from the sun. Scientist feel the etched metal message is likely to survive for a much longer period than any of the works of Man on Earth. The makers of the I-beams found in Roswell may have well considered the same thing.
If the Earth-based Pioneer 10 or like object were to crash land on another planet in some other system with less gravity than ours, say a Mars size planet or smaller for example, parts or debris would be lightweight (as compared to being on Earth) yet still retain it's same strength, hence being seen as 'lightweight yet strong' as the Roswell I-beams were perceived to be.
Thus said, the opposite would also be true. That is to say, if the originating source of the debris was a super-heavy planet as compared to Earth, similar to, FOR EXAMPLE, the extra-solar rocky planet known to be orbiting the yellow-orange star mu Arae. The planet, located in the southern constellation of the Altar, is the second discovered in a possible three or four planet system. It is thought to have a mass 14 times that of Earth, lying at the threshold of the largest considered possible for a rocky planet, making it a super Earth-like object. Just like something made on Earth is lightweight on the moon, yet still retains it's same strength, hypothetically something designed to be functional in a 14 times Earth mass environment such as the planet orbiting mu Arae would end up being lightweight here and no doubt, super strong as well.
It should be noted, according to ROSWELL INCIDENT: UPDATED as well as other sources, that on Saturday, July 5, 1947, the day before Marcel made his drawings, an archaeologist, William Curry Holden of Texas Tech, along with some students were particpating in an archaeological dig some distance northwest of Roswell and stumbled across a second impact site where an object had crashed --- an object that was not fragile at all, but was instead, so big they thought it was the remains of a wrecked aircraft of some sort. What happened to that 'wrecked aircraft' is not known. Military personnel reportedly arrived soon afterward, cordoned off access to the site and escorted Holden and his students out of the area.(see)
What has somehow become known as the primary, or at least the most publicized site, the debris field, located some distance northwest of the above mentioned site, AND the same place the hieroglyph inscribed I-beams were found, was reported to have debris spread over an area three-quarters of a mile long and two to three hundred feet wide. According to the lease holder of the Foster Ranch where the debris field was located as well as a ranch hand named Tommy Tyree that worked for him, and confirmed by others as well, a gouge starting at the northern end of the field extended four or five hundred feet toward the other end. It appeared as though something touched down and skipped along. The largest KNOWN piece of debris recovered at the site was at the far southern end of the gouge. Even though the furrow was fairly long and wide with some depth, it was not clear what had done the damage as the piece recovered, alledged to have been 4 feet long by 3 feet wide by 1 foot thick, was 'as light as a feather.' What was thought to be the main body, the wreckage stumbled on by Holden and his students, was miles away. It has been reported by people on the scene of the ROSWELL CRASH: UFO Down that the craft presented no visible sign of a power source, as though the power source and the main body had become forcibly separated somehow OR purposely ejected. The materials found at the so-called primary site were extraordinarily light, but the furrow must have been made by a very heavy component, thought possibly to be the main body of the craft in a heavy touchdown, losing parts as it did --- or possibly the power source before it exploded, spreading parts and debris all over the field --- although it must be said, none of the debris reported resembled parts of any sort of a recognizable power source. Of course the craft's propulsion system could have been found whole and in one piece and appropriated early on in some fashion by authorities before anybody got a chance to see or photograph it; or it could have even been found at another site and kept secret; OR maybe not found at all and still laying around on the desert floor among the jackrabbits and horn toads.(see)
Although it is explained much more thoroughly in Frank Edwards and most especially so in the Tommy Tyree site linked above, how I was able to do so, briefly, I, as a ten year boy or so, went into the area within days of the July 1947 incident with my uncle because he was interested in looking into what he heard were hieroglyphs on some pieces of the debris. It was at least two months AFTER the object was said to have crashed that he was officially called back by La Paz, me Meeting Dr.La Paz a second time. During the first visit, even though I was around, sat in on, or overhead many interviews between my uncle and various people, I never took any notes or retained anything specifically for posterity. At the time I just didn't know any of it would ever mean anything. I was raised on Flash Gordon and Buck Rogers and experienced the giant UFO Over Los Angeles, so rocketships or objects from outer space or other planets just didn't seem all that unusual to me. I spent a good part of my time out in the cab of the truck reading comic books, sitting around in waiting rooms or narrow halls of places that looked like doctors offices or hospitals. Even more time was spent hanging out in dirty little rooms stuck back in the corners of hot, dusty hanger type buildings stacked to the ceiling with falling over old newspapers, out of date World War II Mil-Spec operator handbooks and training manuals, as well as grungy old coffee cups all over the place with spoons and dead bugs stuck in the bottom of thin layer of some sort of a dried-up brown, tar-like residue --- presumably it is guessed, being at onetime, coffee. It was only during that SECOND visit that I joined my uncle along with Dr. La Paz and another archaeologist named --- I've been told --- William Lawrence Campbell, and actually went to EVERY ONE of the then known or newly discovered debris fields together. Campbell, by the way, known to many in the desert southwest as Cactus Jack, had a somewhat unsavory reputation as not being much more than a rockhound and Pothunter in in those days, a reputation he was eventually able to grow out of, becoming an amatuer archaeologist of some renown. It has been said that it was he that, at the end of an archaeology based Field Trip, introduced Carlos Castaneda to the shaman-sorcerer that Castaneda eventually apprenticed under named Don Juan Matus.
Since the time of my first and second visit it has been brought to my attention over and over that a lot of changes occurred in and around the various sites during that two month period. Changes it is said that included restructuring and transformation of the landscape, removal and replacement of plants and foliage, and possibly even the intimidation of potential eyewitnesses. Now, while it is true that as a post-event witness on the first visit with my uncle within days of the impact, like I say above, I did not join him in going to EVERY site. On my SECOND visit, in relation to the suspected crash, other than some broken tree limbs and a few scorched plants here and there pointed out by my uncle as well as being shown some glass-like fused sand that could have been anything --- but that somehow bore some significance with various members of the party I was with --- as much as I wish I could say that I did, I personally never saw anything that looked like gouged out earth, crash skid marks, or LARGE pieces of debris that could have come from or caused by a downed craft, Earth-based or otherwise. The point should be made though, as a ten year old boy, I don't think my cognizant ability or magnitude of experience was such that I would know or could substantiate any given level of landscape transformation or modification even if I saw it. Nor did I ever get to see anything that resembled hieroglyphics on I-beams. If my uncle did, he never said.
As an extra added insight, whether you are a skeptic or a believer of the events surrounding the ROSWELL UFO, it just so happens that on the weekend of the incident and unrelated to anything that transpired there, I had gone with my uncle to learn first hand about The Long Walk endured by the Navajos as well as visit the gravesite of Billy the Kid at Fort Sumner, New Mexico. We had left the Arizona Strip where we had been searching for fossils related to the Teratorn, a giant bird with over a twenty-foot wingspan thought to be the inspiration of Native American Thunderbird legends. We stopped overnight for some exploration at the Elden Pueblo where prehistoric Native Americans had buried an extremely rare type meteorite in a ritual fashion as well as on to the Meteor Crater. Then, after a stop to repair a broken truck in Corona, on to Fort Sumner. On one of the days of THAT three-day Fourth of July weekend, and I don't remember which day, without any knowledge of the events unfolding at Roswell at the time, we were turning left onto a main highway from a side road near Fort Sumner when a military convoy of several flatbed army trucks carrying large crates, some covered with tarps some not, and escorted by jeeps and followed in the rear by a huge tow truck went by headed toward the east or northeast at a high rate of speed.
Lt. Col. Philip J. Corso was stationed at Fort Riley, Kansas in the summer of 1947. In 1997 he wrote a book titled The Day After Roswell. Corso states in his book that on July 6th, two days after the purported crash of the mysterious craft outside Roswell, he became aware that five two and a half ton trucks and side-by-side low-boy trailers pulled into the base, apparently the day before, loaded with huge wooden crates . Corso goes on to say that same evening a sentry told him the crews of the deuce-and-a-halfs said 'they brought these boxes up from Fort Bliss from some accident out in New Mexico...' Corso also writes he located a routing slip related to at least one of the crates which indicated it was from a craft that had crash-landed near Roswell earlier that week. The military convoy my uncle and I observed near Fort Sumner coincides perfectly in looks, time, and direction as the convoy said by Corso to have arrived at Fort Riley on the fourth of July weekend.(source) See also:
GUNNER'S MATE 3rd CLASS, U.S. NAVY
In a Life Magazine article dated April 7, 1952 (Incident 2, page 84) La Paz is quoted as saying the object '..exhibited a sort of wobbling motion' and then disappeared behind some clouds. It reappeared and 'projected against the dark clouds gave the strongest impression of self-luminosity.' The object then moved slowly from south to north and two and a half minutes behind a cloudbank. According to La Paz's calculations, confirmed by his wife, the object was huge, as large or larger than the infamous 'Battle of Los Angeles' object as presented in the UFO Over Los Angeles seen by thousands in February, 1942, being some 235 feet long and 100 feet thick. La Paz reported the horizontal speed of the object he observed ranged between 120 and 180 miles per hour and its vertical rise between 600 and 900 miles per hour. (NOTE: according to reports as cited in the above link, the Los Angeles UFO was, however, thought to be closer to the size of a Zeppelin at over 800 feet in length)
ROSWELL 1947 AND DR. LINCOLN LA PAZ: WAS HE THERE?
UFO OVER L.A.: THE BATTLE OF LOS ANGELES
SAN CLEMENTE ISLAND AND THE 1942 UFO
BATTLE OF LOS ANGELES: 1942 UFO
THE GREAT 1947 SUNSPOT, ROSWELL AND CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS
(please click image)
ROSWELL CRASH DEBRIS, 1947.
SOLAR SAIL:-- I-BEAM LIKE BRACING,
FOIL SAIL MATERIAL, CIRCA 2005, U.S.
(please click image)
The electron cloud graphics are copyright © 2002 Blaze Labs. Material available through their site are for noncommercial educational purposes only. They request that due credit and notification be given the author. Pioneer 10 plaque and Pioneer 10 spaceprobe graphic courtesy NASA. Roswell debris graphic courtesy University of Texas, Special Collections Division, The University of Texas at Arlington Libraries, Box 19497, Arlington, Texas. 76019-0497.
Roswell Daily Record, July 8, 1947, announcing the 'capture' of a 'flying saucer' | |
Date | 1947 |
---|---|
Location | Lincoln County, New Mexico, United States |
Coordinates | 33°58.1′N105°14.6′W / 33.9683°N 105.2433°WCoordinates: 33°58.1′N105°14.6′W / 33.9683°N 105.2433°W |
In mid-1947, a United States Army Air Forces balloon crashed at a ranch near Roswell, New Mexico.[1] Following wide initial interest in the crashed 'flying disc', the US military stated that it was merely a conventional weather balloon.[2] Interest subsequently waned until the late 1970s, when ufologists began promoting a variety of increasingly elaborate conspiracy theories, claiming that one or more alien spacecraft had crash-landed and that the extraterrestrial occupants had been recovered by the military, which then engaged in a cover-up.
In the 1990s, the US military published two reports disclosing the true nature of the crashed object: a nuclear test surveillance balloon from Project Mogul. Nevertheless, the Roswell incident continues to be of interest in popular media, and conspiracy theories surrounding the event persist. Roswell has been described as 'the world's most famous, most exhaustively investigated, and most thoroughly debunked UFO claim'.[3]
- 2Growing interest, 1978–1994
- 2.2Books
- 2.3Competing accounts
- 4Recent interest
- 6References
Events of 1947
The Sacramento Bee article detailing the RAAF statements
The sequence of events was triggered by the crash of a Project Mogul balloon near Roswell.[1]
On June 14, 1947, William Brazel, a foreman working on the Foster homestead, noticed clusters of debris approximately 30 miles (50 km) north of Roswell, New Mexico. This date—or 'about three weeks' before July 8—appeared in later stories featuring Brazel, but the initial press release from the Roswell Army Air Field (RAAF) said the find was 'sometime last week', suggesting Brazel found the debris in early July.[4] Brazel told the Roswell Daily Record that he and his son saw a 'large area of bright wreckage made up of rubber strips, tinfoil, a rather tough paper and sticks.'[5] He paid little attention to it but returned on July 4 with his son, wife and daughter to gather up the material.[6] Some accounts have described Brazel as having gathered some of the material earlier, rolling it together and stashing it under some brush.[7] The next day, Brazel heard reports about 'flying discs' and wondered if that was what he had picked up.[6] On July 7, Brazel saw Sheriff Wilcox and 'whispered kinda confidential like' that he may have found a flying disc.[6] Another account quotes Wilcox as saying Brazel reported the object on July 6.[4]
Wilcox called RAAF Major Jesse Marcel and a 'man in plainclothes' accompanied Brazel back to the ranch where more pieces were picked up. '[We] spent a couple of hours Monday afternoon [July 7] looking for any more parts of the weather device', said Marcel. 'We found a few more patches of tinfoil and rubber.'[8]
On July 8, 1947, Roswell Army Air Field (RAAF) public information officerWalter Haut issued a press release stating that personnel from the field's 509th Operations Group had recovered a 'flying disc', which had crashed on a ranch near Roswell. As described in the July 9, 1947 edition of the Roswell Daily Record,
The balloon which held it up, if that was how it worked, must have been 12 feet [3.5 m] long, [Brazel] felt, measuring the distance by the size of the room in which he sat. The rubber was smoky gray in color and scattered over an area about 200 yards [180 m] in diameter. When the debris was gathered up, the tinfoil, paper, tape, and sticks made a bundle about three feet [1 m] long and 7 or 8 inches [18 or 20 cm] thick, while the rubber made a bundle about 18 or 20 inches [45 or 50 cm] long and about 8 inches [20 cm] thick. In all, he estimated, the entire lot would have weighed maybe five pounds [2 kg]. There was no sign of any metal in the area which might have been used for an engine, and no sign of any propellers of any kind, although at least one paper fin had been glued onto some of the tinfoil. There were no words to be found anywhere on the instrument, although there were letters on some of the parts. Considerable Scotch tape and some tape with flowers printed upon it had been used in the construction. No strings or wires were to be found but there were some eyelets in the paper to indicate that some sort of attachment may have been used.[9]
A telex sent to a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) office from the Fort Worth, Texas office quoted a Major from the Eighth Air Force (also based in Fort Worth at Carswell Air Force Base) on July 8, 1947 as saying that 'The disc is hexagonal in shape and was suspended from a ballon [sic] by cable, which ballon [sic] was approximately twenty feet (6 m) in diameter. Major Curtan further advices advises [sic] that the object found resembles a high altitude weather balloon with a radar reflector, but that telephonic conversation between their office and Wright field had not [UNINTELLIGIBLE] borne out this belief.'[10]
A National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) weather balloon after launching
Early on Tuesday, July 8, the RAAF issued a press release, which was immediately picked up by numerous news outlets:[11]
The many rumors regarding the flying disc became a reality yesterday when the intelligence office of the 509th Bomb group of the Eighth Air Force, Roswell Army Air Field, was fortunate enough to gain possession of a disc through the cooperation of one of the local ranchers and the sheriff's office of Chaves County. The flying object landed on a ranch near Roswell sometime last week. Not having phone facilities, the rancher stored the disc until such time as he was able to contact the sheriff's office, who in turn notified Maj. Jesse A. Marcel of the 509th Bomb Group Intelligence Office. Action was immediately taken and the disc was picked up at the rancher's home. It was inspected at the Roswell Army Air Field and subsequently loaned by Major Marcel to higher headquarters.[12]
Colonel William H. Blanchard, commanding officer of the 509th, contacted General Roger M. Ramey of the Eighth Air Force in Fort Worth, Texas, and Ramey ordered the object be flown to Fort Worth Army Air Field. At the base, Warrant Officer Irving Newton confirmed Ramey's preliminary opinion, identifying the object as being a weather balloon and its 'kite',[7] a nickname for a radar reflector used to track the balloons from the ground. Another news release was issued, this time from the Fort Worth base, describing the object as being a 'weather balloon'.
The military decided to conceal the true purpose of the crashed device – nuclear test monitoring – and instead inform the public that the crash was of a weather balloon.[2] Later that day, the press reported that Commanding General of the Eighth Air Force Roger Ramey had stated that a weather balloon was recovered by the RAAF personnel. A press conference was held, featuring debris (foil, rubber and wood) said to be from the crashed object, which matched the weather balloon description. Historian Robert Goldberg wrote that the intended effect was achieved: 'the story died the next day'.[13]
Subsequently, the incident faded from the attention of UFO enthusiasts for more than 30 years.[14]
Growing interest, 1978–1994
Between 1978 and the early 1990s, UFO researchers such as Stanton T. Friedman, William Moore, Karl T. Pflock, and the team of Kevin D. Randle and Donald R. Schmitt interviewed several hundred people who claimed to have had a connection with the events at Roswell in 1947.[15] Hundreds of documents were obtained via Freedom of Information Act requests, along with other documents such as Majestic 12 that were supposedly leaked by insiders. Their conclusions were that at least one alien spacecraft crashed near Roswell, alien bodies had been recovered, and a government cover-up of the incident had taken place.[3]
Over the years, books, articles, and television specials brought the 1947 incident significant notoriety.[3] By the mid-1990s, public polls such as a 1997 CNN/Time poll, revealed that the majority of people interviewed believed that aliens had indeed visited Earth, and that aliens had landed at Roswell, but that all the relevant information was being kept secret by the US government.[16]
According to anthropologists Susan Harding and Kathleen Stewart, the Roswell Story was the prime example of how a discourse moved from the fringes to the mainstream according to the prevailing zeitgeist: public preoccupation in the 1980s with 'conspiracy, cover-up and repression' aligned well with the Roswell narratives as told in the 'sensational books' which were being published.[17]
Friedman's initial work
In 1978, nuclear physicist and author Stanton Friedman interviewed Jesse Marcel, the only person known to have accompanied the Roswell debris from where it was recovered to Fort Worth where reporters saw material which was claimed to be part of the recovered object. The accounts given by Friedman and others in the following years elevated Roswell from a forgotten incident to perhaps the most famous UFO case of all time.[3]
Books
The Roswell Incident (1980)
The first conspiracy book about Roswell was The Roswell Incident (1980) by Charles Berlitz and William Moore, authors who had previously written popular books on the Philadelphia Experiment and on the Bermuda Triangle.[2]
Historian Kathy Olmsted writes that the material in this book has come to be known as 'version 1' of the Roswell myth. Berlitz and Moore's narrative holds that an alien craft was flying over the New Mexico desert observing US nuclear weapons activity, but crashed after being hit by lightning, killing the aliens on board; a government cover-up duly followed.[2]
The authors claimed to have interviewed over ninety witnesses. Though he was uncredited, Friedman carried out some research for the book.[18]The Roswell Incident featured accounts of debris described by Marcel as 'nothing made on this earth.'[19] Additional accounts by Bill Brazel,[20] son of Mac Brazel, neighbor Floyd Proctor[21] and Walt Whitman Jr.,[22] son of newsman W. E. Whitman who had interviewed Mac Brazel, suggested the material Marcel recovered had super-strength not associated with a weather balloon. The book introduced the contention that debris which was recovered by Marcel at the Foster ranch, visible in photographs showing Marcel posing with the debris, was substituted for debris from a weather device as part of a cover-up.[23][24] The book also claimed that the debris recovered from the ranch was not permitted a close inspection by the press. The efforts by the military were described as being intended to discredit and 'counteract the growing hysteria towards flying saucers'.[25] Two accounts[26] of witness intimidation were included in the book, including the incarceration of Mac Brazel.[27] The book also introduced the secondhand stories of civil engineer Barney Barnett and a group of archeology students from an unidentified university seeing alien wreckage and bodies while in the desert.[28]
Berlitz and Moore's narrative was dominant until the late 1980s when other authors, attracted by the commercial potential of writing about Roswell, started producing rival accounts.[29]
UFO Crash at Roswell (1991)
In 1991, Kevin Randle and Donald Schmitt published UFO Crash at Roswell. They added 100 new witnesses, altered and tightened the narrative, and included several 'sinister' new twists.[29]
Some new details were included, including accounts of a 'gouge ... that extended four or five hundred feet [120 or 150 m]' at the ranch[30] and descriptions of an elaborate cordon and recovery operation. Several witnesses in The Roswell Incident described being turned back from the Foster ranch by armed military police, but extensive descriptions were not given.[citation needed] The Barnett accounts were mentioned, though the dates and locations were changed from the accounts found in The Roswell Incident. In the new account, Brazel was described as leading the Army to a second crash site on the ranch, at which point the Army personnel were supposedly 'horrified to find civilians [including Barnett] there already.'[31]
Glenn Dennis was produced as a supposedly important witness in 1989, after calling the hotline when an episode of Unsolved Mysteries featured the Roswell incident. His descriptions of Roswell alien autopsies were the first account that said there were alien corpses at the Roswell Army Air Base.[3]
Randle and Schmitt's book sold 160,000 copies.[32]
Crash at Corona (1992)
In 1992, Stanton Friedman re-entered the scene with his own book Crash at Corona, co-authored with Don Berliner – an author of books on space and aviation.[32] Goldberg writes that Friedman too introduced new 'witnesses', and that he added to the narrative by doubling the number of flying saucers to two, and the number of aliens to eight – two of which were said to have survived and been taken into custody by the government.[32]
The Truth about the UFO Crash at Roswell (1994)
Randle and Schmitt responded with another book, updating their previous narrative with several new details, including the claim that alien bodies were taken by cargo plane to be viewed by Dwight D. Eisenhower, who was curious about their appearance.[32]
The Day After Roswell (1997)
Former Lt. Col. Philip J. Corso reported in his autobiographical book that the Roswell Crash did happen and that when he was assigned to Fort Riley (Kansas) in July 1947, 5 trucks of 25 tons and some semi-trailers entered the base from Fort Bliss, Texas. He claimed while he was patrolling the base he was brought into the medical facilities by Sgt. Brown and shown the remnants of bodies that were from an 'air crash'.[33]Philip Klass analyzed his claims line by line and exposed many inconsistencies and factual errors.[34]
Competing accounts
The existence of so many differing accounts by 1994 led to a schism among ufologists about the events at Roswell.[35] The Center for UFO Studies (CUFOS) and the Mutual UFO Network (MUFON), two leading UFO societies, disagreed in their views of the various scenarios presented by Randle–Schmitt and Friedman–Berliner; several conferences were held to try to resolve the differences. One issue under discussion was where Barnett was when he saw the alien craft he was said to have encountered. A 1992 UFO conference had attempted to achieve a consensus among the various scenarios portrayed in Crash at Corona and UFO Crash at Roswell, however, the publication of The Truth About the UFO Crash at Roswell had 'resolved' the Barnett problem by simply ignoring Barnett and citing a new location for the alien craft recovery, including a new group of archaeologists not connected to the ones the Barnett story cited.[35]
Don Schmitt held that variations in narratives between different writers was not however an essential problem, commenting by way of comparison 'We know Jesus Christ was crucified, we just don't know where.'[36]
Problems with witness accounts
Hundreds of people were interviewed by the various researchers, but critics point out that only a few of these people claimed to have seen debris or aliens. Most witnesses were repeating the claims of others, and their testimony would be considered hearsay in an American court of law and therefore inadmissible as evidence. Of the 90 people claimed to have been interviewed for The Roswell Incident, the testimony of only 25 appears in the book, and only seven of these people saw the debris. Of these, five handled the debris.[37] Pflock, in Roswell: Inconvenient Facts and the Will to Believe (2001), makes a similar point about Randle and Schmitt's UFO Crash at Roswell. Approximately 271 people are listed in the book who were 'contacted and interviewed' for the book, and this number does not include those who chose to remain anonymous, meaning more than 300 witnesses were interviewed, a figure Pflock said the authors frequently cited.[38] Of these 300-plus individuals, only 41 can be 'considered genuine first- or second-hand witnesses to the events in and around Roswell or at the Fort Worth Army Air Field,' and only 23 can be 'reasonably thought to have seen physical evidence, debris recovered from the Foster Ranch.' Of these, only seven have asserted anything suggestive of otherworldly origins for the debris.[38]
As for the accounts from those who claimed to have seen aliens, critics identified problems ranging from the reliability of second-hand accounts, to credibility problems with witnesses making demonstrably false claims, or multiple, contradictory accounts, to dubious death-bed confessions or accounts from elderly and easily confused witnesses.[39][40][41] Pflock noted that only four people with supposed firsthand knowledge of alien bodies were interviewed and identified by Roswell authors: Frank Kaufmann; Jim Ragsdale; Lt. Col. Albert Lovejoy Duran; Gerald Anderson.[42] Duran is mentioned in a brief footnote in The Truth About the UFO Crash at Roswell and never again, while the other three all have serious credibility problems. A problem with all the accounts, charge critics, is they all came about a minimum of 31 years after the events in question, and in many cases were recounted more than 40 years after the fact. Not only are memories this old of dubious reliability, they were also subject to contamination from other accounts the interviewees may have been exposed to.[3] The shifting claims of Jesse Marcel, whose suspicion that what he recovered in 1947 was 'not of this world' sparked interest in the incident in the first place, cast serious doubt on the reliability of what he claimed to be true.
In The Roswell Incident, Marcel stated, 'Actually, this material may have looked like tinfoil and balsa wood, but the resemblance ended there ... They took one picture of me on the floor holding up some of the less-interesting metallic debris ... The stuff in that one photo was pieces of the actual stuff we found. It was not a staged photo.'[43] Timothy Printy points out that the material Marcel positively identified as being part of what he recovered, is material that skeptics and UFO advocates agree is debris from a balloon device.[10] After that fact was pointed out to him, Marcel changed his story to say that that material was not what he recovered.[10] Skeptics like Robert Todd argued that Marcel had a history of embellishment and exaggeration, such as claiming to have been a pilot and having received five Air Medals for shooting down enemy planes, claims that were all found to be false, and skeptics feel that his evolving Roswell story was simply another instance of this tendency to fabricate.[44]
Air Force reports, 1994–1997
In response to these reports, and after United States congressional inquiries, the General Accounting Office launched an inquiry and directed the Office of the United States Secretary of the Air Force to conduct an internal investigation. The result was summarized in two reports. The first, released in 1994, concluded that the material recovered in 1947 was likely debris from Project Mogul, a military surveillance program employing high-altitude balloons (and classified portion of an unclassified New York University project by atmospheric researchers[45]). The second report, released in 1997, concluded that reports of recovered alien bodies were likely a combination of innocently transformed memories of accidents involving military casualties with memories of the recovery of anthropomorphic dummies in military programs such as the 1950s Operation High Dive, mixed with hoaxes perpetrated by various witnesses and UFO proponents. The psychological effects of time compression and confusion about when events occurred explained the discrepancy with the years in question.[46][47]
The Air Force reports were dismissed by UFO proponents as being either disinformation or simply implausible, though skeptical researchers such as Philip J. Klass[48] and Robert Todd, who had been expressing doubts regarding accounts of aliens for several years, used the reports as the basis for skeptical responses to claims by UFO proponents. After the release of the Air Force reports, several books, such as Kal Korff's The Roswell UFO Crash: What They Don't Want You To Know (1997), built on the evidence presented in the reports to conclude 'there is no credible evidence that the remains of an extraterrestrial spacecraft was involved.'[15] In the 1990s, skeptics and even some social anthropologists[49] saw the increasingly elaborate accounts of alien crash landings and government cover ups as evidence of a myth being constructed.
Recent interest
Evidence
Although there is no evidence that a UFO crashed at Roswell, believers firmly hold to the belief that one did, and that the truth has been concealed as a result of a government conspiracy.[50] B. D. Gildenberg has called the Roswell incident 'the world's most famous, most exhaustively investigated, and most thoroughly debunked UFO claim'.[3]
Pflock said, '[T]he case for Roswell is a classic example of the triumph of quantity over quality. The advocates of the crashed-saucer tale ... simply shovel everything that seems to support their view into the box marked 'Evidence' and say, 'See? Look at all this stuff. We must be right.' Never mind the contradictions. Never mind the lack of independent supporting fact. Never mind the blatant absurdities.'[51] Korff suggests there are clear incentives for some people to promote the idea of aliens at Roswell, and that many researchers were not doing competent work: '[The] UFO field is comprised of people who are willing to take advantage of the gullibility of others, especially the paying public. Let's not pull any punches here: The Roswell UFO myth has been very good business for UFO groups, publishers, for Hollywood, the town of Roswell, the media, and UFOlogy ... [The] number of researchers who employ science and its disciplined methodology is appallingly small.'[52]
B. D. Gildenberg wrote there were as many as 11 reported alien recovery sites[3] and these recoveries bore only a marginal resemblance to the event as initially reported in 1947, or as recounted later by the initial witnesses. Some of these new accounts could have been confused accounts of the several known recoveries of injured and dead servicemen from four military plane crashes that occurred in the area from 1948 to 1950.[53] Other accounts could have been based on memories of recoveries of test dummies, as suggested by the Air Force in their reports. Charles Ziegler argued that the Roswell story has all the hallmarks of a traditional folk narrative. He identified six distinct narratives, and a process of transmission via storytellers with a core story that was created from various witness accounts, and was then shaped and molded by those who carry on the UFO community's tradition. Other 'witnesses' were then sought out to expand the core narrative, with those who give accounts not in line with the core beliefs being repudiated or simply omitted by the 'gatekeepers.'[54][55] Others then retold the narrative in its new form. This whole process would repeat over time.
In September 2017, UK newspaper The Guardian reported on Kodachrome slides which some had claimed showed a dead space alien.[56] First presented at a BeWitness event in Mexico, organised by Jaime Maussan and attended by almost 7,000 people, days afterwards it was revealed that the slides were in fact of a mummified Native American child discovered in 1896 and which had been on display at the Chapin Mesa Archeological Museum in Mesa Verde, Colorado for many decades.[56]
Roswellian Syndrome
Prominent skeptics Joe Nickell and co-author James McGaha identified a myth-making process, which they called the 'Roswellian Syndrome'.[57] In this syndrome a myth is proposed to have five distinct stages of development: Incident, Debunking, Submergence, Mythologizing, and Reemergence and Media Bandwagon Effect. The authors predicted that the Roswellian Syndrome would 'play out again and again',[57] in other UFO and conspiracy-theory stories.
Recriminations among ufologists
Glenn Dennis, who testified that Roswell alien autopsies were carried out at the Roswell base, and that he and others were the subjects of threats, was deemed one of the 'least credible' Roswell witnesses by Randle in 1998. In Randle and Schmitt's 1991 book UFO Crash at Roswell, Dennis's story was featured prominently. Randle said Dennis was not credible 'for changing the name of the nurse once we had proved she didn't exist.'[58] Dennis's accounts were also doubted by researcher Pflock.[59]
Scientific skeptic author Brian Dunning concurs that Dennis cannot be regarded as a reliable witness, considering that he had seemingly waited over forty years before he started recounting a series of unconnected events. Such events, Dunnings argues, were then arbitrarily joined together to form what has become the most popular narrative of the alleged alien crash.[60]
Some prominent UFOlogists including Karl T. Pflock,[59] Kent Jeffrey,[59] and William L. Moore[59] have become convinced that there were no aliens or alien space craft involved in the Roswell crash.
Alien autopsy hoax
In 1995, film footage purporting to show an alien autopsy and claimed to have been taken by a US military official shortly after the Roswell incident was released by Ray Santilli, a London-based video entrepreneur. The footage caused an international sensation when it aired on television networks around the world.[48]
In 2006, Santilli admitted that the film was mostly a reconstruction, but continued to claim it was based on genuine footage now lost, and some original frames that had supposedly survived. A fictionalized version of the creation of the footage and its release was retold in the comedy film Alien Autopsy (2006).[61][62]
Photo analysis
Enlargement of Gen. Ramey's held message in the original photo.
In an attempt to produce fresh evidence, some researchers used new technology to try to re-analyze photographs of the telegram held by General Ramey during his 1947 press conference.[63] Goldberg writes that the results proved inconclusive: while some claimed they could discern wording like 'victims of the wreck', others claimed they saw 'turn out to be weather balloons'. Overall, there was no consensus that anything was legible.[63]
US political interest
On October 26, 2007, Bill Richardson (who at the time was a candidate for the Democratic Party nomination for U.S. President) was asked about releasing government files on Roswell. Richardson responded that when he was a Congressman, he attempted to get information on behalf of his New Mexico constituents, but was told by both the Department of Defense and Los Alamos Labs that the information was classified. 'That ticked me off,' he said 'The government doesn't tell the truth as much as it should on a lot of issues.' He promised to work on opening the files if he were elected as President.[64]
In October 2002, before airing its Roswell documentary, the Sci-Fi Channel hosted a Washington UFO news conference. John Podesta, President Clinton's chief of staff, appeared as a member of the public relations firm hired by Sci-Fi to help get the government to open up documents on the subject. Podesta stated, 'It is time for the government to declassify records that are more than 25 years old and to provide scientists with data that will assist in determining the true nature of the phenomena.'[65]
When asked during a 2015 interview with GQ Magazine about whether he'd looked up top secret classified information, President Barack Obama replied 'I gotta tell you, it's a little disappointing. People always ask me about Roswell and the aliens and UFOs, and it turns out the stuff going on that's top secret isn't nearly as exciting as you expect. In this day and age, it's not as top secret as you'd think.'[66]
Deathbed confessions
As time wore on, it became harder for Roswell researchers to find new evidence to publish; there was potential though in the prospect of deathbed confessions from those originally involved in 1947.[67] In 2007 Donald Schmitt and Tom Carey published the book Witness to Roswell, which prominently featured a document said to be a sworn affidavit written by Walter Haut, who had written the first Army press release about the Roswell crash in 1947.[68] The document, apparently kept under seal until Haut's death in 2005, described how the 1947 crash debris had been discussed by high-ranking staff and how Haut had seen alien bodies.[68][69] The claims, however, drew an unimpressed response even from ufologists: Dennis Balthaser said that the document was not written by Haut, and that by 2000 Haut's mental state was such he could not recall basic details about his past, making the detail contained in the affidavit seem dubious.[68] Physicist and skeptic Dave Thomas commented: 'Is Roswell still the 'best' UFO incident? If it is, UFO proponents should be very, very worried.'[68]
The 'other Roswell'
A 1950 FBI document relating a story about 'so-called flying saucers' told to an agent by a third party.[70]
The 1948 Aztec, New Mexico, UFO incident was a hoaxed flying saucer crash and subject of the book Behind the Flying Saucers (1950) by Frank Scully. The incident is sometimes referred to as the 'other Roswell' and parallels have been drawn between the incidents.[71]
Area 51 (2011)
American journalist Annie Jacobsen's Area 51: An Uncensored History of America's Top Secret Military Base (2011), based on interviews with scientists and engineers who worked in Area 51, dismisses the alien story. She quotes one unnamed source as claiming that Josef Mengele, a German Schutzstaffel officer and a physician in Auschwitz, was recruited by the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin to produce 'grotesque, child-size aviators' to be remotely piloted and landed in America in order to cause hysteria similar to Orson Welles' The War of the Worlds (1938). The aircraft, however, crashed and the incident was hushed up by the Americans.[citation needed] Jacobsen wrote that the bodies found at the crash site were children around 12 years old with large heads and abnormally-shaped, oversized eyes. They were neither aliens nor consenting airmen, but human guinea pigs.[72] The book was criticized for extensive errors by scientists from the Federation of American Scientists.[73]
See also
References
Notes
- ^ abOlmsted 2009, p. 184: Olmsted writes 'When one of these balloons smashed into the sands of the New Mexico ranch, the military decided to hide the project's real purpose.' The official Air Force report (Weaver & McAndrew 1995) had concluded (p. 9) '... the material recovered near Roswell was consistent with a balloon device and most likely from one of the MOGUL balloons that had not been previously recovered.'
- ^ abcdOlmsted 2009
- ^ abcdefghGildenberg 2003
- ^ ab[unreliable source?]'United Press Teletype Messages'. Roswell Proof. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
- ^'Harassed Rancher who Located 'Saucer' Sorry He Told About it'. Roswell Daily Record. July 9, 1947. Archived from the original on January 9, 2009. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
- ^ abc[unreliable source?]Printy 1999, Chapter 2
- ^ ab'New Mexico 'Disc' Declared Weather Balloon and Kite'. Los Angeles Examiner. Associated Press. July 9, 1947. p. 1. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
- ^'New Mexico Rancher's 'Flying Disk' Proves to be Weather Balloon-Kite'. Fort Worth Star-Telegram. July 9, 1947. p. Front. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
- ^'Harassed Rancher who Located 'Saucer' Sorry He Told about It'. Roswell Daily Record. July 9, 1947. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
- ^ abc[unreliable source?]Printy 1999, Chapter 6
- ^'RAAF Captures Flying Saucer on Ranch in Roswell Region'. Roswell Daily Record. July 8, 1947. p. Front. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
- ^[unreliable source?]Printy 1999, Chapter 5
- ^Goldberg 2001, p. 192
- ^Goldberg 2001, p. 193
- ^ abKorff, Kal (August 1997). 'What Really Happened at Roswell'. Skeptical Inquirer. 21 (4). Retrieved February 5, 2013.
- ^'Poll U.S. Hiding Knowledge of Aliens'. CNN. June 15, 1997. Archived from the original on March 14, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
- ^Harding & Stewart 2003, p. 273
- ^Korff 1997, pp. 1–264
- ^Berlitz & Moore 1980, p. 28
- ^Berlitz & Moore 1980, p. 79
- ^Berlitz & Moore 1980, p. 83
- ^Berlitz & Moore 1980, pp. 88–89
- ^Berlitz & Moore 1980, p. 33
- ^Berlitz & Moore 1980, pp. 67–69
- ^Berlitz & Moore 1980, p. 42
- ^Berlitz & Moore 1980, pp. 75,88
- ^Berlitz & Moore 1980, pp. 75
- ^Goldberg 2001
- ^ abGoldberg 2001, p. 197
- ^Randle & Schmitt 1991, p. 200
- ^Randle & Schmitt 1991, p. 206
- ^ abcdGoldberg 2001, p. 199
- ^Philip J. Corso; William J. Birnes (1997). The Day After Roswell. Pocket Books. ISBN0-671-00461-1.
- ^Klass 1998
- ^ abSaler, Ziegler & Moore 1997, pp. 24–25
- ^Goldberg 2001, p. 201
- ^Korff 1997, p. 29
- ^ abPflock 2001, pp. 176–177
- ^Korff 1997, pp. 77–81
- ^Korff 1997, pp. 86–104
- ^Korff 1997, pp. 107–108
- ^Pflock 2001, p. 118
- ^Berlitz & Moore 1980, pp. 1–168
- ^Todd, Robert (December 8, 1995). 'Jesse Marcel: Folk Hero or Mythomaniac'(PDF). The KowPflop Quarterly. 1 (3): 1–4.
- ^Frazier, Kendrick (2017). 'The Roswell Incident at 70: Facts, Not Myths'. Skeptical Inquirer. 41 (6): 12–15. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
- ^James MacAndrew (31 March 1997). Roswell Reports, Volume 1. Department of the Air Force.
- ^Broad, William J. (June 24, 1997). 'Air Force debunks Roswell UFO story'. The Day, New London, CT. New York Times News Service. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
- ^ ab'Roswell UFO incident, on season 8 , episode 2'. Scientific American Frontiers. Chedd-Angier Production Company. 1997–1998. PBS. Archived from the original on 2006.
- ^Saler, Ziegler & Moore 1997, pp. 1–198
- ^Joseph 2008, p. 132
- ^Pflock 2001, p. 223
- ^Korff 1997, p. 248
- ^Printy 1999, Chapter 17
- ^Saler, Ziegler & Moore 1997, p. 1
- ^Saler, Ziegler & Moore 1997, pp. 34–37
- ^ abCarpenter, Les (30 September 2017). 'The curious case of the alien in the photo and the mystery that took years to solve'. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
- ^ abNickell, Joe; McGaha, James (May–June 2012). 'The Roswellian Syndrome: How Some UFO Myths Develop'. Skeptical Inquirer. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. 36 (3). Retrieved February 6, 2013.
- ^[unreliable source?]'Kevin Randle of the UK-UFO-NW #UFO Channel'. Center for UFO Studies. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
- ^ abcdKlass 1997
- ^Dunning, Brian. 'Skeptoid #79: Aliens in Roswell'. Skeptoid. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
- ^Osborn, Michael (April 5, 2006). 'Ant and Dec Leap into the Unknown'. BBC News. BBC. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
- ^'Max Headroom Creator Made Roswell Alien'. The Sunday Times. April 16, 2006. Archived from the original on May 22, 2008. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
- ^ abGoldberg 2001, p. 230
- ^Slater, Wayne (October 27, 2007). 'On Texas stop, Democratic Candidate Richardson Criticizes Government Secrecy'. The Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
- ^Stenger, Richard (October 22, 2002). 'Clinton Aide Slams Pentagon's UFO Secrecy'. CNN. Archived from the original on November 15, 2012. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
- ^Simmons, Bill (17 November 2015). 'Bill Simmons Interviews President Obama, GQ's 2015 Man of the Year'.
- ^Goldberg 2001, p. 230: 'The Roswell researchers were also pulling up stakes, for the evidence was well-worn and growing cold. There were few witnesses left to interview, although 'deathbed confessions' still offered hope.'
- ^ abcdThomas 2009
- ^'Roswell Theory Revived by Deathbed Confession'. The Sunday Telegraph. July 1, 2007. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
- ^'UFOs and the Guy Hottel Memo' (Press release). Federal Bureau of Investigation. 25 March 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
- ^Malkin, Bonnie (April 11, 2011). ''Exploding UFOs and Alien Landings' in Secret FBI Files'. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
- ^Harding, Thomas (May 13, 2011). 'Roswell 'was Soviet plot to create US panic''. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
- ^Norris, Robert; Richelson, Jeffrey (July 11, 2011). 'Dreamland Fantasies'. Washington Decoded. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
Sources
- Berlitz, Charles; Moore, William (1980). The Roswell Incident. Grosset & Dunlap. ISBN978-0-448-21199-2.
- Carey, Thomas; Schmitt, Donald (2007). Witness to Roswell: Unmasking the 60-Year Cover-Up. New Page Books. ISBN978-1-56414-943-5.
- Friedman, Stanton; Berliner, Don (1992). Crash at Corona: The U.S. Military Retrieval and Cover-Up of a UFO. Paragon House. ISBN978-1-55778-449-0.
- Friedman, Stanton (2005). Top Secret/MAJIC : Operation Majestic-12 and the United States Government's UFO Cover-Up. Marlowe & Co. ISBN978-1-56924-342-8.
- Gildenberg, B.D. (2003). 'A Roswell requiem'. Skeptic. 10 (1): 60.
- Goldberg, Robert Alan (2001). Chapter 6: The Roswell Incident. Enemies Within: The Culture of Conspiracy in Modern America. Yale University Press. pp. 189–231. ISBN978-0-300-13294-6.
- Harding, Susan; Stewart, Kathleen (2003). West, Harry G.; Sanders, Todd (eds.). Chapter 9: Anxieties of influence: Conspiracy Theory and Therapeutic Culture in Millennial America. Transparency and Conspiracy: Ethnographies of Suspicion in the New World Order. Duke University Press. pp. 258–86. ISBN0-8223-8485-X.
- Klass, Philip (1997). 'The Klass Files'. The Skeptics UFO Newsletter. The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. 43.
- Klass, Philip (1998). 'The Klass Files'. The Skeptics UFO Newsletter. The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. 49.
- Korff, Kal (1997). The Roswell UFO Crash: What They Don't Want You to Know. Prometheus Books. ISBN978-1-57392-127-5.
- Joseph, Brad (2008). 'Beyond the textbook: studying Roswell in the social studies classroom'. Social Studies. 99 (3): 132. doi:10.3200/TSSS.99.3.132-134.
- Olmsted, Kathryn S. (2009). Chapter 6: Trust No One: Conspiracies and Conspiracy Theories from the 1970s to the 1990s. Real Enemies: Conspiracy Theories and American Democracy, World War I to 9/11. Oxford University Press. pp. 173–204. ISBN978-0-19-975395-6.
- Pflock, Karl (2001). Roswell: Inconvenient Facts and the Will to Believe. Prometheus Books. ISBN978-1-57392-894-6.
- Printy, Timothy (1999). Roswell 4F: Fabrications, Fumbled Facts, and Fables. Timothy Printy. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
- Randle, Kevin (1995). Roswell UFO Crash Update: Exposing the Military Cover-Up of the Century. Global Communications. ISBN978-0-938294-41-2.
- Randle, Kevin; Schmitt, Donald (1991). UFO Crash at Roswell. Avon Books. ISBN978-0-380-76196-8.
- Randle, Kevin; Schmitt, Donald (1994). The truth about the UFO Crash at Roswell. M Evans. ISBN978-0-87131-761-2.
- Saler, Benson; Ziegler, Charles; Moore, Charles (1997). UFO Crash at Roswell: The Genesis of a Modern Myth. Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN978-1-56098-751-2.
- Thomas, Dave (2009). 'Roswell update: fading star?'. Skeptical Inquirer. 33 (1): 52.
- Weaver, Richard; McAndrew, James (1995). The Roswell Report: Fact Versus Fiction in the New Mexico Desert(PDF). United States Air Force. ISBN978-1-4289-9492-8.
Further reading
Books, articles
- Broad, William J (18 September 1994). 'Wreckage in the Desert Was Odd but Not Alien'. New York Times.
- Sobel D (1995). 'The truth about Roswell'. Omni. 17 (8): 90.
- Saler, Benson; Ziegler, Charles A.; Moore, Charles B. (1997). UFO Crash at Roswell: The Genesis of a Modern Myth. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN1560987510.
- Frazier, Kendrick; Karr, Barry; Nickell, Joe (1996). The UFO Invasion: The Roswell Incident, Alien Abductions, and Government Coverups. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. ISBN1573921319.
Web resources
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